Definition and Examples of Sound Change in English

In historical linguistics  and phonology, sound change has been traditionally defined as any appearance of a new phenomenon in the phonetic/phonological structure of a language (Roger Lass in Phonology:  An Introduction to Basic Concepts, 1984). More simply, sound change might be described as any particular  change in the sound system of a language over a period of time. The drama of linguistic change, said  English lexicographer and philologist  Henry C. Wyld, is enacted not in manuscripts or in inscriptions, but in the mouths and minds of men (A Short History of English, 1927).   There are many types of sound change, including the following: Aphesis and ApocopeAssimilation  Dissimilation and HaplologyLexical DiffusionMetanalysisMetathesisPrinciple of Least EffortProthesisSyncope See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: The Great Vowel ShiftGrimms LawIsoglossLanguage ChangeMutationPhonologyPronunciationWord Boundaries Examples and Observations An understanding of sound change is truly important for historical linguistics in general, and this needs to be stressed—it plays an extremely important role in the comparative method and hence also in linguistic reconstruction, in internal reconstruction, in detecting loanwords, and in determining whether languages are related to one another.(Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2004)Pronunciation of SchwaThere is a growing body of evidence that frequently used words quite often get affected early—an observation first made in the 19th century. . . .Consider the words adultery, century, cursory, delivery, desultory, elementary, every, factory, nursery, slavery. If possible, write them down on a piece of paper and ask several friends to read them out loud. Better still, get people to read sentences which include the words. For example: A cursory glance at the newspaper suggests that adultery is on the increase in this century. If you think slavery has been abolished, go and look at the factory at the end of our road. Every mother will tell you that nursery schools are a mixed blessing. Make a careful note of how the crucial words are pronounced, and see if your results agree with those of a linguist who carried out an investigation of this type.The investigator noted that, according to the dictionary, all words which are spelt with -ary, -ery, -ory or -ury are pronounced somewhat as if they rhymed with furry. The vowel preceding r is a so-called schwa, a short indeterminate sound written phonetically as [É™], and sometimes represented orthographically as er (British English) or uh (American English). In practice the schwa was not always pronounced. It was usually omitted in common words such as ev(e)ry, fact(o)ry, nurs(e)ry, which were pronounced as if they were spelt evry, factry, nursry with two syllables only. In slightly less common words, such as delivery, there was fluctuation. Some people inserted a s chwa, others omitted it. A schwa was retained in the least common words, such as desultory, cursory.(Jean Aitchison, Language Change: Progress or Decay? 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001)Theories of Sound ChangeVarious theories of sound change, some of them proposed a century ago or earlier were current in the [19]70s. There was a longstanding traditional view about sound change being due to speakers modifying their pronunciation either to make it easier—to expend less effort—or to make speech clearer for the sake of the listener. Another one was espoused by Halle (1962) that language change, including sound change, served to improve grammar by making it more cognitively simple to compute. Postal (1968) suggested it was due to speakers desire for novelty, i.e., sounds change for the same reason that hemlines and haircuts change. Lightner (1970) claimed it was to avoid homophony--despite the abundant counter-examples that show homophony as the result of sound change. These are all teleological accounts, that is to say, they assume that the changes are purposeful, i.e., that they [are] motivated by a goal of some sort . . ..(John Ohala, The Listener As a Source of Sound Change: An Update. The Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors, ed. by Maria-Josep Solà © and Daniel Recasens. John Benjamins, 2012)The Neogrammarian Regularity HypothesisIn the 1870s a group of linguists now generally referred to as the Neogrammarians created a lot of attention, controversy, and excitement with the claim that unlike all other linguistic change, sound change is regular and operates without exceptions.This Neogrammarian or regularity hypothesis led to a great deal of valuable and interesting research. However, as can be expected, such a strong claim did not remain without a good deal of often quite vociferous opposition. . . .[I]t is important to note that the neogrammarian regularity hypothesis has proved to be enormously fruitful, no matter how accurate it may be in fact. For it forces the linguist to look for explanations of apparent irregularity, either by establishing a non-phonetic source or through a better formulation of a given sound change. Either way we learn more about the history of a given language and about the nature of linguistic change than if we subscribe to a view that does not expect regularity in sound change.(Hans Henrich Hock, Principles of Historical Linguistics, 2nd ed. Walter de Gruyter, 1991)

Early Childhood Education Children s Understanding And...

Early childhood education typically pertains to the education of children who range in age from babies to kindergarten age. This does not start and end inside the class room. Early childhood training is debatably the most crucial phase of educational development as it is from this cornerstone that future development and learning happen. High quality programs need to incorporate teaching in reading capabilities, motor skills, vocabulary and communication abilities. This will create substantial benefits in children s understanding and development. Early youth training has gotten much more attention each year due to the outcomes of research which continually document that a child will become a more successful student in the course of his school years and in higher education if they have been positively impacted in the primary grades. Preschool children must be provided early reading and writing, recognition and involvement to be able to perform better through the later years. 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Marketing Mix for Sri Lankan Tea Essay Example For Students

Marketing Mix for Sri Lankan Tea Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction02 2. Applying the Marketing Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 04 2. 1 Product†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 05 2. 2 Place †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 06 2. 3 Price †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 08 2. 4 Promotion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 09 3. Conclusion 12 4. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 1. Introduction Since the discovery of Tea in 2737 B. C in China, and after the Europeans learnt about tea in 1589, drinking tea has spread throughout the world and today it is a widely consumed beverage. Tea production in Sri Lanka is of high importance to the Sri Lankan economy and the world market. Sri Lanka is the worlds fourth largest producer of tea and the industry is one of the countrys main sources of foreign exchange and a significant source of income for labourers, with tea accounting for 15% of the GDP, generating roughly $700 million annually. Ceylon tea is divided into three groups: High or Upcountry (Udarata), Mid country (Medarata), and Low country (Pahatha rata) tea, based on the geography of the land on which it is grown. Tea produced in Sri Lanka carries the Lion Logo† on its packages, which indicates that that the tea was produced in Sri Lanka. The most important foreign markets for Sri Lankan tea are the former Soviet bloc countries of the CIS, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, UK, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Libya. Ceylon tea was renowned for its quality, but supplies exceeding demand, higher cost of production and intermediary’s margins have forced the tea industry to compete on price rather than on quality. Consumers preferring flavoured and instant teas are also not helping the local tea industry that produces old style orthodox teas. If you take the trend world over convenience and fast food are popular. People now do not have the time to brew tea and make tea in the traditional way. At present, instant tea is one of the fastest growing segments in the beverages market. Instant teas and green tea demand is growing in Europe, USA and Japan. Instant tea has created a lot of excitement and modernized the image of conventional tea. About 50% of instant tea consumers are newcomers to the tea market. Instant tea has not replaced the traditional tea bag, however, instant tea covers a very wide product range, usually depending not on the tea, but the flavouring used. The tea is usually a relatively a minor component, with sugar typically the primary ingredient, then flavourings, colouring agents, anti-caking agents, etc. Most instant teas do not contain real tea, rather tea extract. This artificial addition further separates instant teas from their parent leaves. However, one must not fail to appreciate the success of instant tea and recognize that it is a product, which has its roots in tea. The most instant of instant teas is called ‘Ready to Drink (RTD)’. Also known as bottled tea there used to be a strong stigma in the tea community about this relative of the leaf. Viewed largely as the stepchild of the big cola companies, RTD teas were thoroughly infused with their mass-production ethos: make it cheap, stack it high, move it fast. However, a new trend is beginning to emerge from the creative folks of the tea industry. Fighting to erase the image that Goliath cola companies have painted for tea, some true tea-loving companies are introducing innovative bottling methods. They are making great teas available without the addition of unnecessary preservatives, and without covering the lack of quality tea with an overabundance of sugar. The instant tea manufacturers are hoping to challenge beverage marketers outside the tea industry with their new products. The attempt to attract younger consumers is an effort to compete with the cold-drink market, which has grown by four times in the last ten years, according to market-research firm A. C. Nielsen. Nielsens statistics show a slow decline in the tea market over the past 10 years. Hence, instant tea manufacturers are targeting a younger market, hoping the product innovation will cultivate a new niche of tea drinkers in the declining market for tea. Young people are looking for convenience and variety and more countries are setting up instant tea factories to capture the growing demand. Applying the Marketing Mix Marketing mix is a general phrase used to describe the different kinds of choices organizations have to make in the whole process of bringing a product or service to market. The 4 Ps, first expressed in 1960 by E J McCarthy, is one way probably the best-known way of defining the marketing mix. The 4Ps are: In layman terms the Marketing Mix is the creation of a product that a particularly group of people want, put it on sale some place that those same people visit regularly, and price it at a level which matches the value they feel they get out of it; and do all that at a time they want to buy. However, a lot of hard work needs to go into finding out what customers want and how the product can meet such wants. Thereafter the company needs to figure out how to produce the item at a price that represents value to them, and get it all to come together at the critical moment. Getting even one element wrong can be disastrous for the product as well as for the company. However, when entering a foreign market in addition to the mix the company should focus its attention on the cultural aspects as well. For example, McDonald’s fast food giant was very successful in the entire world, but it failed in the Indian market, as it did not change its menu that included beef, which is not consumed in India. This report will discuss marketing an Instant Tea in America, UK, Japan and Australia, with regard to the marketing mix while considering the cultural aspects in each of these markets as well. 2. Product/Service As mentioned in the introduction tea as a beverage has been in existence for centuries. Therefore identifying the need for tea is not what we need to do. The problem many consumers face is the time they need to set aside from their fast pace life to brew a cup of tea. Hence, the objective should be to make sure this need is satisfied. With the fast p ace life and the trend of consumers looking more and more for convenience, it is very important that instant tea cater to this need. Instant tea should be easy to prepare where the consumer spends less time in preparing a quality product faster so they ave more time to enjoy it. Therefore, adding water (cold or hot) to powder to get the same effect and taste as a brewed a cup of tea should be a key feature of an instant tea. Further, this product should be able to prepare at anytime and at any given place when needed. This should also be nutritious by adding no artificial ingredients as the consumers of this product will buy this as they like consuming it rather than a drink or water or a cola. If the consumer is guaranteed of these features, they will go for this product. In the US market, this product will mainly be consumed by the Asian population who has a liking for tea. Hence the product should appeal to the Asian consumers and it should concentrate on captivating the younger generation where they feel accepted by their associates in having this tea. Culturally, tea is enjoyed by the older generation. Therefore, instant tea should meet the expectation of the younger generation. Globalisation requires a company to consider all aspects of a product, both domestically and internationally, at the creation stage itself. Doing so prevents expensive faux pas, such as the case of the Chevy Nova. Its name in Spanish can be said as â€Å"No va,† which means, â€Å"It doesn’t go,† not a particularly reassuring or marketable name for a car (Semenik and Bamossy 1995). The brand, its name, its feature emphasis, and the like must be developed with consideration for all its major markets worldwide. In areas where conflict is apparent, it is vital the company adapt to the local market. Therefore the brand name of an instant tea drink should be something which is accepted globally and not have any undesirable meaning in any language. Critical Thinking Vs. Systematic Thinking EssayHowever, in Japan a higher price product will not fetch consumers who are only looking to quench their thirst and in the US more than price, availability and health facts (new trend) will have a stronger impact in purchasing the product. Therefore each country will need to have separate pricing strategies. In any situation, the pricing among each country should not create a situation where the buyer buys from one country and sells it in another country to achieve a profit. This could occur especially when operating through distributors and where a discount scheme is offered to increase it by the number of products sold. Having price regulations in the contract with distributors will help minimize/control such a situation. 4. Promotion Promotion is another important ingredient in the marketing mix where this helps to build the perception and the want for the product. Promotion is the most localized component of the marketing mix. â€Å"The consumer, not the company, must decide what can be the same across borders,† and usually promotion is the most variable (Mazur 2004, 18). For example, McDonalds used sports figures in its promotional materials, ads, and television commercials several years ago. Rather than choose one known international sports figure, such as a Tiger Woods, the company picked figures recognized in each respective market, with a basketball star used in the United States, a footballer in the UK, and so on (Vignali 2001). This allowed McDonalds to project a locally appropriate image, one that identified the restaurant with local concerns and presented it as native to the region, rather than the United States. This in other words bridges the gap between culture and the product that is being offered. In the case of instant tea, having film stars promote this will be a good strategy as this will portray a message of having a healthy beverage in their busy life style. In US, UK, Australia and Japan, film stars are treated as idols and many follow what they do, eat, wear and hang out in places where their favorite film star goes regardless of cost. Having such celebrities use a brand will make the brand popular among young as well as old people. Displaying billboards in busy city areas where celebrities consume instant tea will help to capture a wider target market. Another way that the product can be promoted is through help from the supermarkets that will sell this product. The supermarket pamphlets, brochures and other advertising material can promote the product. Advertising plays a critical role when entering foreign markets as it all depends on how the target customers are approached. The same promotional campaign cannot be used in US as well as Japan. The reason being, American life is faster paced, while Australia has a more laid back life style, while in Japan cultural influence is still very strong. Further, Japanese will have an ego problem if the same advertisement that was targeted for the US market is used in Japan. UK will have the same effect if a Japanese advertisement is played or used in UK. Therefore each promotional method will need to be tailor made to suite each country’s culture and the target customer base. For example, Nisan Car Company has the same car in the US and in Australia with a different name. This is purely to make sure its accepted by the each market. In any such instance, the product should have its own brand name and image irrespective of how the message is sent across in each country. For example, Nike has its own name and its logo (Swooch) which makes it distinct in any country the product is marketed. However, the way its marketed is localized to suite its local customer base. Therefore establishing the brand name to image quality, convenience, health and affordability in the instant tea product should be key focus points in all its advertising campaigns though execution is different in each country. The method of advertising should be via media and having billboards in each major city that is being concentrated. Having advertising boards in major air ports and informing in them the availability in the air port itself will be a good strategy. Making sure the packaging is also done as per each country’s guidelines is another important factor. For example, US is very strict about the phthalate in products as this will harm children. Therefore suppliers need to make sure the required tests are done to avoid this chemical. Further, information on the pack will differ from one country to another. Having distributors giving authority to market the product in each country should be done in a way that the brand name is not tarnished and is ithin the criteria mentioned above that materializes from the brand. Further, promotions should be handled focusing on the manufacturing company and not the intermediary company name. Making sure the product is available in the right places and making sure product is moving will be the responsibility of the distributor. Conclusion The first thing that should be done when introducing a new product is to have a market research done in each market to identify the target market. This will help to gain a better insight of each market, gaining knowledge about its competitors and most of all the customers. Many large players have entered markets without proper research and ended up loosing their overall market share in other markets as well. A good example is the medicine Insulene which is used by diabetic patients. When this was marketed in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), this had adverse reactions as this included one ingredient from the pig, an animal banned in UAE. Therefore, the company had to re-launch the product making the product specialised for that UAE market. Further, it had to issue a press release apologising to the people of UAE and recall all the goods that were in stores at their cost. Going into a market with the attitude of â€Å"here is our product, take it or leave it† will not gain much acceptance among the customers. Therefore having researched the market and tailoring the marketing mix to capture all such aspects will be the key in succeeding in a foreign market. In conclusion it can be said that organisations must examine the purity of their global marketing plan rather than simply taking the national marketing plan and tweaking it to hopefully fit an international market. Businesses should begin a global marketing plan from scratch, making it truly in tune with each different market segment. Beginning from a global perspective will allow an international business to decide which products to offer where and to better position and promote its products worldwide. While a 100% global marketing mix is not attainable, many companies can move successfully onto a global scale by branding globally but acting locally. Creating an adaptable marketing strategy and component mix will allow the business to successfully negotiate the regional and cultural differences it will face, and increase both markets and profitability on the global market. References †¢ Semenik, R. , and Bamossy, G. 1995. Principles of Marketing, a Global Perspective. South Western, Cincinnati, USA. †¢ Vignali, C. 2001. McDonald’s: â€Å"think global, act local† – the marketing mix. British Food Journal, Bradford, vol. 103, issue 2, p. 97. †¢ Mazur, L. 2004. Globalisation is still tethered to local variations. Marketing, London, 22 January 2004, p. 18. †¢ Product (or Service) †¢ Place †¢ Price †¢ Promotion

Role of Women Until 1500

Table of Contents Similarities between the Egyptian and Greek women Social roles Religious roles Differences between the Egyptian and Greek women Impact of women to society References Women have in the present day been accredited with playing a pivotal role in the building of our nation. This task did not begin in the recent years but can trace its beginning as far back as the advent of time where the traditional role of women was mainly to serve their male counterparts. Prior to the colonial era, the roles of women across the world were greatly limited by the traditional attitudes which viewed women as the â€Å"weaker sex†.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Role of Women Until 1500 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the lives of the women during the 1500s were marked with multiple responsibilities and hardships, the women also took the time out to make merriment thus helping to lighten their weary loads thus creating a balance that made life bearable. This study shall set out to document the typical life of the Egyptian and Greek women before 1500 AD by doing an extensive research and analyzing first hand accounts of how these women lived and survived in a chauvinistic environment. A detailed analysis of the similarities, differences and how these women impacted their civilizations shall also be discussed. Similarities between the Egyptian and Greek women The life of these women is interpreted in different light by many a historian. However, the commonly held notion that the society generally devalued the contribution of the women and subjected them to inhuman treatment and suffering is true as is demonstrated by Bentley, Ziegler Streets (2008). Women were perceived in these societies as the â€Å"weaker Sex†, fragile and incapable of making sound decisions. As such, they were to stay confined to their homes and live to serve their husbands. In both civilizations, the women had slaves who could do all the hard work and protect the women when the husbands were away. Another similarity is that the women were expected to dress appropriately and conduct themselves in a respectable manner. As Sanders et al (2006) assert, women in these civilizations were not supposed to show any part of their face, legs and even hair to the public. That was a privilege awarded only to the husband. In addition, they were not allowed to eat together with men nor argue or interfere with the affairs of men. Also, Tastsoglou (2009) states that women in these civilizations were not allowed to learn how to read or write. There were restrictions on the events that they could attend as well as the duration of time they could spend outside the vicinity of their homes.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social roles In both civilizations, women were generally subjected to chores which evolved around child-care. As Sanders et al (2006) explain, Greek women often did repetitive tasks which could easily be interrupted incase their attention was required elsewhere. In addition, they were required to work in areas that did not require them to travel far from home and did jobs that would not amount to any losses when they attend to their children. What Sanders et al (2006) mean is that women were viewed as mules whose main responsibility and purpose was to satisfy the needs of their husbands and children. The same applied to Egyptian women. They rarely had any social interaction with other members of society as they were often confined to their homes or doing odd jobs such as the collection of sea shells, wild plants, making clothed garments and an array of food processing activities (Bentley, Ziegler Streets, 2008). Women in both civilizations were expected to teach their children about the culture and customs of their people. It was the duty of every woman to train her children how to lead a moral life. Shame that emanated from a woman’s undoing was considered as a man’s lack of control over his family. As such, Tastsoglou (2009) reiterates that women were expected to follow a prescribed code of moral behavior that included modesty, compliance, submission and most important of all; chastity. Punishment for non-conformity was harsh and in some cases involved caning or even disownment. In addition, women were supposed to maintain the honor of their homes. It was their duty to ensure that their husbands and male relatives get the respect they deserve. According to Vickers Vouloukos (2007), women were supposed to be sexually reserved. This was to ensure that they discourage tempting other men (both the Greek and Egyptian women were very beautiful and were viewed as sources of temptations by men). To this effect, they were expected to cover their bodies fully while in public and were discouraged to speak in the presence of m en. Religious roles Religion is a very important aspect to us as human beings. It has been known to instill virtues and values to all and help man cope with the hardships that come with life. In ancient times, religion played a pivotal role in the lives of everyone. This was mainly because ancient Greek and Egypt had different gods who were believed to be unforgiving in the face of disobedience. Both civilizations had gods of war, peace, fertility among others. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Role of Women Until 1500 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To appease these gods, sacrifices were made on a regular basis (Lightman, 2007). Women were considered as pure vessels and were therefore tasked with the duty of preparing and offering the sacrifices to the gods. Bentley, Ziegler Streets (2008) reiterate that days equivalent to half a year were set aside for various religious ceremonies. During these days, women h ad a chance to be seen by the rest of the community and interact freely with each other. Vickers Vouloukos (2007) assert that women were expected to sing songs during these days, tell tales of the gods and goddesses and present sacrifices to them. In regards to family morals, women were expected to teach their children about the religious beliefs, norms and rituals. They were expected to instill morals in their children and ensure that they understand the value and significance of the gods. The most important role that women in these civilizations had to play was getting married and bearing children. Marriage as an institution was greatly respected and every woman was to be married. Children were viewed as a source of pride by the men and having many children was reason enough to boast. This was because, a pregnant woman was perceived as a blessed one. Therefore, the more children one had, the more the blessings he was assumed to have. This was mostly because infertility was seen as a form of punishment from the gods. Therefore, bearing children was the most important role that women in these civilizations had to fulfill. Differences between the Egyptian and Greek women One of the outstanding differences between women from these civilizations was their financial independence and freedom. Women in ancient Egypt enjoyed more financial freedom than their Greek counterparts. Egyptian women could trade, sell and buy slaves, livestock and own property. They could also sue, appear as witnesses in courts and settle legal disputes. This was contrary to Greek women who were not allowed to participate in any of these activities. Vickers Vouloukos (2007), state that exceptions were made in extreme cases but under the supervision of a male party (father, brother or husband). Another difference is that marriage in ancient Egypt was a prestigious affair. However, there were no matrimonial ceremonies, exchange of gifts and other marital rituals as experienced in ancient G reek societies. A woman could be declared as married only after leaving her parents home and into her husband’s house. Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even after marriage, Egyptian women remained independent and owned their own property. On the other hand, Greek women lost possession of their property once they got married. Adoption of children was widely accepted in ancient Egypt. Women were allowed to adopt children and raise them as their own. This was only accepted by very few Greek societies most especially the upper class members of the society (Sanders et al, 2006). Impact of women to society Despite their hardships and limited freedom, the impact that these women had on their societies cannot be understated. As Avdela Psarra (2005) explain, women were in charge of the households and ensured that everything was in order. This refers to the availability of food and clothing to both the husband and the children. In as much as history has effectively left out the impact of women in national building, some historians have effectively shown the relevance of ancient women in today’s societies. Due to the cultural bearings at that time, women were under constant pressure to ensure that their children lead a moral and culturally enriched life (Vickers Vouloukos, 2007). Their efforts to this regard ensured that respect and harmony prevailed in the society. This is mainly because all children were taught the same values, how to behave and the importance of maintaining family honor. As such, women played a pivotal role in unifying their communities. In regards to economic prosperity, women in both civilizations were very instrumental in facilitating economic growth (Lightman, 2007). In as much as women could not own property freely or work for money, their efforts at home were key contributors to the availability of income in their homes. For example, Greek women would spin and weave fabric, tend to the farms and cater for the livestock. The sale of these products would bring in some money for their families through the husbands. The Egyptian women who had more autonomy would also transact for money wh ich later contributed to the economic growth of their communities. In regards to religion, women had great impacts on the belief systems held by the people. Avdela Psarra (2005), state that most of the gods worshiped by these civilizations were women. In fact, the Greeks believed that their gods could dwell among them in the form of men and women. In addition, women were very important during the procession of religious rituals. Young unmarried girls were viewed as untamed and pure beings worthy to present sacrifices to the gods, while older women were tasked with the duties of appeasing the gods by singing melodious tunes at their presence. Their ability to bear children was also symbolic to blessings from their gods (Avdela Psarra 2005). Since they constituted to a larger portion of the population, women were a good source of labor during this era. They could work as slaves in the farms and business areas in exchange for food and/or shelter. As such, they contributed highly in ensuring that there was plenty of food and resources in their communities. Women had a great impact on the social status of their husbands and male counterparts. Respect in ancient civilization was mainly based on the amount of responsibility an individual had (Lightman, 2007). As such, having a respectful wife and many children demanded more respect from society. This was one way through which men could establish and prove their manliness all the while preserving the honor of his family lineage. Therefore, in as much as they were disregarded, women were great sources of pride to the men in these civilizations. Indeed, the lives of the Greek and Egyptian women before the 1500s were marked with multiple responsibilities and hardships, however, the women also took the time out to make merriment thus helping to lighten their weary loads thus creating a balance that made life bearable. From the discussions presented herein, it can authoritatively be stated that ancient women played a p ivotal role in upholding morality and ensuring the continuity of society. The challenges that they faced were therefore of social and economic benefits and the environment that they dwelled in only thrived for these significances. However, the social injustices such as gender discrimination sprouted from this era and up to date, these negative effects are still prevalent in our society. While it cannot be disputed that gender biasness was an unjust and mostly inhumane institute for the ancient women, it can be seen from this paper that it played a significant role in the building of our nation. References Avdela, E., Psarra, A. (2005). Engendering ‘Greekness’: Women’s Emancipation and Irredentist Politics in Nineteenth-Century Greece. Mediterranean Historical Review, 20(1), 67 – 79. Bentley, J., Ziegler, H., Streets, H. (2008). Traditions and encounters: A brief global history. (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Lightman, M. (2007). A to Z of ancient Gre ek and Roman women. NY: Infobase Publishing. Sanders, T., Nelson, S., Morillo, S., Ellenberger, N. (2006). Encounters in world history: Sources and themes from the global post volume one: to 1500. (1st Ed.) New York: McGraw Hill. Tastsoglou, E. (2009). Women, gender, and diasporic lives: labor, community, and identity in Greek migrations. CA: Lexington Books. Vickers, J., Vouloukos, A. (2007). Changing Gender/Nation Relations: Women’s Roles in Making and Restructuring the Greek Nation-State. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 13(4), 501 – 538. 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minimum wage Essay

minimum wage Essay minimum wage Essay Nick Madison Professor Dobie Final Persuasive Draft 23 April 2014 $7.25 equals two gallons of gas, a couple of school supplies, or a fast food meal. With this current minimum wage you must work one hour to earn these small necessities. This seems like it isn’t even worth your time right? It may seem like this, but I would have to most certainly disagree. The minimum wage should not be raised because it does not reduce poverty, it kills jobs, it leads to fewer jobs for young people, and it causes prices on nearly every good and service to rise. Throughout this paper I am going to try my best at giving you a clearer, logical, and broader understanding of what raising the minimum wage would do to our country as a whole. The biggest reason why many people believe that the minimum wage should be raised is because they think that our minimum wage causes poverty. In 2007, Senior Economics Policy Analyst, James Sherk, reported reasons why poverty is not affected by wage increases. One of the reasons is that the families that are living close to the poverty line are less likely to see any significant change in quality of life. The LA Times evaluated this even further by stating that â€Å"only 11.3 percent of those receiving a raise are living in poverty† (LA Times). Raising the minimum wage would have little to no benefits on the poverty percentage in the United States. Killing jobs is something else that a higher minimum wage would induce on our nation. James Sherk also goes on to claim that, â€Å"an increase in wages will scare off employers from hiring more workers and decrease the amount of hours for existing employees to even out the raise. If you raise the wage above the equilibrium wage for a specific market, then it causes a surplus to the market because the quantity of workers outweighs the quantity of job openings. Most of the estimates suggest that each ten percent increase in the minimum wage reduces employment by approximately 2 percent. This may not seem like a lot of people, but let me exp lain to you how many people would theoretically lose their jobs. There are roughly 143,929,000 people in the work force in the United States. If you multiply that by two percent then that means 2,878,500 have just lost their job. To back this up, a statement by Charles Fuller during the Joint Economic Hearing concerning the minimum wage verifies that raising the minimum wage will kill jobs. He says, â€Å"As an employer, today’s minimum wage allows me to hire unskilled or first-time workers and train them at a wage that is economically feasible. If you raise it, the wage will no longer be feasible and a good portion of these jobs will be lost† (Evidence Against a Higher Minimum Wage). A higher minimum wage helps only those workers who actually end up earning that wage and leaves poor families actually worse off. Raising the minimum wage would be catastrophic for the teenage population. Forbes testified that within six months of the last wage increase in 2009, 600,000 t eens’ jobs disappeared. Again, â€Å"when the minimum wage is increased, a scarcity of jobs is imminent due to a higher cost to the employer† (Mankiw 119). Firms cannot pay a worker more than the value the worker brings to the firm, and teens typically lack sufficient skills for higher paying jobs. So, â€Å"raising the cost of labor raises the incentive for employers to find ways to use less labor† (Mankiw 113). One might argue that a teen could use a higher minimum wage to help save more money for college, but raising a higher minimum wage would also raise the price on the goods and services while they’re trying to save for college; which brings me to my next topic. The prices of goods and services will rise in a similar fashion as the minimum wage if it were in fact to be raised. Imagine that an owner of a pizza parlor had ten minimum wage workers employed at seven dollars an hour. Next

The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essays

The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essays The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essay The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essay The mechanism behind questionnaire design The questionnaire has been designed to determine if a satisfactory level of customer service is being achieved within the Devonshire spa hair salon booking and reception areas. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative questioning techniques the questionnaire hopes to gain varied feedback from the clientele as Sherman and Webb (1988) as cited in Blaxter et al (2001, p. 64) state; â€Å"Qualitative implies a direct concern with experience as it is ‘lived’ or ‘felt’ or ‘undergone’. In contrast, ‘quantitative’ research, often taken to be the opposite idea, is indirect and abstracts and treats experiences as similar, adding or multiplying them together, or ‘quantifying’ them. ) Quantitative questions, also known as closed questions, 1, 2, 4-12, and 14 are in the format of tick box or multiple choice questions and are included to gain numerical and precise data required as Walsh (2001, p. 7) suggests â€Å"A quantitative study seeks numerical data† Walsh (2001) goes on to say that when the data has been collected statistical techniques are used to gain patterns. This suggests that it is in the quantitative questions in the questionnaire that this numerical data will be found. Qualitative questions also known as open questions 3-6, 13 and 14 are in the style of a written answer and are included to extract more information from the clientele as Holliday (2007) remarks that qualitative questions do not conjure the same type of precision required by quantitative research as it is intent on expanding rather than controlling the answer given. The importance of piloting a questionnaire is great as according to Davies (2007) piloting is crucial because you yourself may not notice something that has more than one possible meaning. During the pilot stage of the questionnaire legible errors were pointed out, also the lack of qualitative questions was highlighted. Using this new information the questionnaire was amended accordingly as agreeing with Davies (2007), Hucker (2001, P. 105) suggests â€Å"When you have been working closely on something it is often difficult to see the errors, mistakes or the confusion you have created. Quantitative data taken from the questionnaire will be presented in a bar chart format taken from the findings produced in the tally chart made as Denscombe (2007) implies that bar charts are an effective way of presenting reoccurring data, and they are often used in small scale research, however, Yang (2007) disagrees and suggests that it is an unnecessary action to compile a bar chart out of few pie ces of information. Qualitative data taken from the questionnaire will be presented as a written discussion as Walsh (2001, p. 0) says â€Å"Qualitative data isn’t so straightforward, and requires a more word based style of presentation† This suggests that more quotations may be used also looking at similarities and differences may be beneficial as to gain a form of qualitative data from qualitative questions as Walsh (2001) goes on to say that when identifying patterns, you need to describe them and converting qualitative data into quantitative data may produce further details to discuss.

Convincing readers to adopt a piece of technology thats new to them Essay

Convincing readers to adopt a piece of technology thats new to them - Essay Example Twenty years ago it would sound strange if you could see the party of your telephone call. It is today more than usual, and video calls can be made from any place in the world via an ordinary smart phone provided that it has a web-camera. There are many software products on offer to make video calls, but the most convenient and widely used one is called Skype. Today it has become a usual means of connection, and this is a result of development history which started in 2003 and goes on till the present time. The reason for using this technology is obvious – it is very simple to use and provides a wide range of functions. Its interface is intuitively simple and user friendly, and no matter whether the user is a schoolboy of 7 years or an older person aged 60 – both can use this software product without deep functions observing and long training. The icons are very similar to those of the mobile phone, the sounds are informative and accompany user’s actions, and the list of contacts has become more covnenient and provides now better access to them. Moreover, this is a free program and the user must pay money only if he wants to call mobile and office phone numbers. This feature is very useful in such situations when there is no internet access except mobile internet, and the program runs excellent even in such conditions. Another reason is the possibility to arrange a video conference with many users which is very convenient when, for example, members of one family li ve in different cities and even countries. This is particularly beneficial when using this software product for business purpose: a visual contact may be necessary to feel the interlocutor and to trust his words, whereas it is reported now that conditional telephone communication, providing only audio contact, promotes the party’s feeling no responsibility for the words said. There is also such a useful feature as showing the user status, and when some user is offline, you can leave